Dietary Information for Macular Degeneration

The current dispute surrounding the role of antioxidants and minerals in the treatment of ocular disease centers on two particular phytochemicals: Lutein and Zeaxanthin. Numerous nutritional research projects are in progress. However, the majority of evidence to date appears to show the efficacy of these chemicals to slow or inhibit the progression of macular degeneration.

Medical research has shown that the macular region of the retina is composed primarily of cone cells containing high levels of the carotenoids Zeaxanthin and Lutein. These two antioxidant pigments are observed as a yellow spot over the macular region (the macula lutea). The chemical structures of both Lutein and Zeaxanthin are such that they readily absorb blue light waves, but allow the free passage of yellow light waves. Blue light is the shorter wave length and more energetic radiation in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Yellow light is a longer wave length and less energetic form of visible light. It is the yellow waves which pass on through our eyes, while the blue waves are scattered. The importance here lies in the fact that the structural components of cells on the retina can be readily damaged by the highly energetic blue light waves. Because of their strong absorption of these damaging high energy blue light radiations, Lutein and Zeaxanthin help to protect the delicate cellular structures of the retina.

Studies have demonstrated that when Lutein/Zeaxanthin were removed from the diet of animals, signs of retinal disease developed very rapidly (Inv Oph 1980; 19). Further studies uncovered that individuals who consumed about 6 milligrams of Lutein/Zeaxanthin experienced a significant decrease in progression or development of retinal disease (Hoffman-LaRoche: J Am Med Assoc 1994; 272).

Lutein can not be made by the human body, and zeaxanthin can only be made from Lutein in our bodies. Therefore, the Lutein that we require for good vision must be obtained from the diet. Zeaxanthin must be obtained either from the diet or be synthesized in the body from dietary Lutein. By definition, Lutein is in reality an essential vitamin. Presently, it is an undeclared vitamin.

Particularly high concentrations of Lutein and Zeaxanthin are contained in dark green and orange plants and fruits like spinach, collard greens, broccoli, corn and peaches. You will find a list of additional sources of Lutein-Zeaxanthin in the table below....

Lutein-Zeaxanthin Content of Various Fruits and Vegetables (micrograms/100 G)
Broccoli (raw)	1,900	Green olives	510
Broccoli (cooked)	1,800	Green pepper	700
Brussels sprouts	1,300	Kale	21,900
Celery	3,600	Leaf lettuce	1,800
Collard greens	16,300	Leeks (raw)	1,900
Corn (yellow)	790	Mustard greens	9,900
Dill (not dried)	6,700	Parsley (not dried	10,200
Green beans	740	Spinach (cooked)	12,600
Green peas	1,700	Spinach (raw)	10,200

Taking anti-oxidants like Vitamins C and E may also have positive effects. Zinc, however, has shown mixed results. In some people, the long-term use of zinc causes digestive problems and anemia; its use is probably not worth the potential problems. Selenium is sometimes recommended, but you should always consult your physician to determine appropriate dosages.

People with age-related macular degeneration are encouraged to take supplements consisting of:..

Other dietary recommendations include limiting sugar, saturated fat, and alcohol consumption. A lifestyle of regular physical exercise, along with the avoidance of tobacco use is also recommended.